Viet Nam: Manufacturing Industry - Number of Firms:

With Viet Nam's manufacturing sector growing fast, questions of geospatial distribution become important information for further planning. The map shows the distribution by number of firms per province. Number of firms is low in remote and mountainous areas (Central Highlands, Red River Highlands) and highest in the industrial centers in and around Hanoi (Northern Economic Focal Region) and Ho Chi Minh City (Southern Economic Focal Region), where two third (67%) of the countries manufacturing industry is concentrated.

Source of map's statistical information: General Statistics Office, 2004.

Viet Nam: Manufacturing Industry - Employment:

Viet Nam's manufacturing sector is mainly concentrated in two regions: Hanoi (Northern Economic Focal Region) and Ho Chi Minh City (Southern Economic Focal Region). Accordingly, 75% of the countries overall employment in the manufacturing sector falls into these both areas. The Southern Economic Focal Region around Ho Chi Minh City is with 55% the largest center for emplyment in the manufacturing industry, clearly ahead of the Northern Economic Focal Region around Hanoi (20%).

Source of map's statistical information: General Statistics Office, 2004.

Viet Nam - Southern Economic Focal Region: Communes with Highest Pollution Load and Industrial Estates:

The map identifies the communes with the highest pollution load from manufacturing industry in the Southern Economic Focal Region. Enterprise statistics derived from the General Statistics Office Enterprise Database (2004) where used as input into the World Banks Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS) to calculate the pollution load for all together 13 pollutants covering three media (air, water, land). Communes with Highest Pollution Load are clearly concentrated in Ho Chi Minh City and the parts of the neighbouring provinces that border HCMC. Additinally the maps shows the location of major Industrial Estates which concentrate in the same area.

Source of map's statistical information: Pollution Load Ranking - ICEM 2004 (General Statistics Office (2004) and IPPS); Industrial Estates - ICEM 2006.

Viet Nam - Southern Economic Focal Region: Communes with Highest Pollution Load and Habitats:

Communes with Highest Pollution Load identifified from calculations of the Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS) are shown in conjunction with the location of remaining natural and critical natural habitats, as defined by BirdLife Indochina. While critical natural habitats as the Vinh Cuu and Nam Cat Tien National Parks are upstream of these communes, the Mangrove area of Can Gio is downstream, receiving all the streams which pass the communes previously, thus being seriously threatened by their releases. Emissions to air potentially pose a threat to upstream protected areas as well.

Source of map's statistical information: Pollution Load Ranking - ICEM 2004 (General Statistics Office (2004) and IPPS); Critical Natural Habitats - BirdLife Indochina.

Viet Nam - 3D Geospatial Statistics: Soil Degradation:

This 3D geostatistical map combines three layers of information building and illustrating a potential cause-effect relationship: 1) Intensity of aquacultural use per province, 2) the distribution of wellfields and their pumping capacity, and 3) the distribution of soils showing signs of salinization or aluminification. The overlay shows that these soils are particularly widespread in the South of Viet Nam where peaking aquaculture and irrigation agriculture (high water demand) results in heavy groundwater pumping. This can - besides other reasons - lead to the influx and uplift of brackish and saline water into aquifers by the hydraulic pressure that the pumping creates.

Source of map's statistical information: General Statistics Office (2004), Viet Nam Water Resources Atlas 2003.

Viet Nam - 3D Geospatial Statistics: Solid Waste in Municipal Areas, 2004:

The 3D geostatistical map shows the amount of solid waste in generated municipal areas of Viet Nam in 2004. Unsurprising, the amoung generated is higher in provinces with a more urban profile (Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang, Hai Phong) than in provinces with a larger share of rural areas and therefore lower population density. An interesting detail, however, is the block height, which indicates the annual increase in generated solid waste (2002 to 2004) - with the urban areas clearly not only generating more than rural areas, but also creating more and more waste on an annual base, while rural areas stable about their waste generation pattern.

Source of map's statistical information: World Bank Viet Nam Environment Monitor 2004, compiled from SOER, URENCOs, DoNREs, NISTPASS, VEPA.

Viet Nam - 3D Geospatial Statistics: Population Density, 2004:

The pattern of population density in Viet Nam is clearly concentrated in the both major deltas of the country - the Red River Delta and the Mekong Delta. Within these areas, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are the major administrative and industrial hotspots, and therefore stand out in terms of population density. However, the block height indicates the increase in population density - the sign for urban aggregation as result of ural-urban migration. Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City stand out in this context underlining the importance of decentralisation measures to counteract rural-urban disparities.

Source of map's statistical information: General Statistics Office (1995, 2004).

Viet Nam - 3D Geospatial Statistics: Slope:

This geospatial statistics map uses a mask of non-forested area derived from a forest cover dataset to cut out slope values from a Digital Slope Model (DSM) and subsequently analyses these remaining areas statistically against the land area of each province. Remarkable is that both Central Highlands as well as Red River Highlands have a large degree of steep slopes by topography, however, the Red River Highlands are considerably more deforested, which explains the high values there compared to the low values in the provinces of the Central Highlands.

Source of map's statistical information: DSM calculated from 90m Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM); WWF Forest Cover map of Viet Nam (2000)

Viet Nam - Quang Nam Province: 3D View of Bung River / Cai River:

Bung River and Cai River join in the mountainous hinterlands of Quang Nam Province (view direction: East-West). The hilly terrain does not allow for large-scale agriculture, which concentrates around the rivers. Low and midslope sections are dominated by plantations (lighter greens). Natural habitats are likely to be restricted to steeper slope sections and the upper slopes (darker greens).

Viet Nam - Quang Nam Province: 3D View of the Bon River Delta:

Bon River discharges into the ocean about 25km south of Da Nang City (view direction East-West), forming a large delta mainly used for paddy agriculture. The soil in the west is of fluvial origin and therefore nutrient rich, while marine sediments and brackish waters mix into the coastal soils. The lesser productivity of these soils is compensated by a higher density of aquaculture and marine fishery.

Thailand - Western Forest Complex: 3D View of Khwae Noi River:

Khwae Noi River disects the National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of the Western Forest Complex (view direction North-South). The image clearly shows the protected areas as the forested hills to both sides of the valley: on the left (Eastern) side Lum Khlong Ngu, Kuan Si Nakharin and Erawan National Park, on the right (Western) side, Thong Pha Phum and Sai Yok National Park. The valley itself is heavily used by agriculture right to the borders of the proected areas.

Thailand - Western Forest Complex: 3D View of a hydropower scheme:

Srinagarind Hydropower Dam is situated between Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary and Erawan National Park. While the displayed part is an unprotected area with a settlement to be seen on the left (Eastern) side, the major part of the waterbody created by the dam falls into Lam Khlong Ngu Kuan Si Nakharin National Park.